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内容摘要
本书是一本关于人工智能的通识读本，在参考了许多较新的同类书籍和文献资料的基础上，简要回顾了人工智能的历史发展，概括性地介绍了人工智能的基本原理，重点分述了人工智能的应用领域。本书共分十二章：第一章介绍人工智能的起源；第二章介绍人工智能的基本概念、核心技术和技术方向，如专家系统、机器学习、自然语言处理等和图像、视频技术等；第三至十一章依次介绍了人工智能在各领域的应用，包括智能制造、商业服务、生物技术、自动驾驶、金融科技、医疗、教育、娱乐生活及家居；第十二章介绍人工智能伦理规范方面的内容。人工智能的浪潮席卷全球，本书将带领读者走近人工智能的世界，了解未来社会即将面临的变化。
本书适合作为职业教育人工智能通识课程的教材。
目录
第一章 人工智能的起源与简史 ·································································· 1
一、朦胧时期：人工智能技术溯源 ························································· 2
（一）漫长历史萌芽 ······································································· 2
（二）形式逻辑推理 ······································································· 3
（三）计算机的出现 ······································································· 4
（四）大话人工智能 ······································································· 6
二、概念形成：人工智能的早期发展 ······················································ 6
（一）人工智能标准的提出 ······························································ 7
（二）人工智能术语的确定 ······························································ 8
（三）人工智能的黄金时期 ·····························································10
三、此起彼伏：人工智能的徘徊期 ························································11
（一）AI 的第一次低谷期 ·······························································11
（二）专家系统的开发浪潮 ·····························································12
（三）AI 的第二次低谷期 ·······························································13
（四）人工神经网络的复兴 ·····························································14
四、时代召唤：人工智能的广泛应用 ·····················································15
（一）AI 采用科学方法 ··································································16
（二）人机大赛AI 获胜 ·································································17
（三）谷歌公司的其他AI 产品 ························································18
（四）开放平台百度大脑 ································································19
（五）其他AI 产品 ·······································································21
第二章 人工智能概述 ·············································································25
一、内涵外延：人工智能的基本概念 ·····················································25
（一）人工智能的定义 ···································································25
（二）人工智能的分类与学派 ··························································27
（三）人工智能的三个层次 ·····························································29
（四）人工智能的未来趋势 ·····························································31
二、三大支撑：人工智能的核心技术 ·····················································33
（一）人工智能的“芯片” ······························································33
（二）人工智能的“算法” ······························································36
（三）人工智能的“数据” ······························································38
三、技术方向：人工智能的技术方向 ·····················································40
（一）机器学习与深度学习 ·····························································40
（二）专家系统与知识工程 ·····························································43
（三）语音、语言处理技术 ·····························································45
（四）图像处理和图像融合 ·····························································48
（五）机器视觉和视频分析 ·····························································51
四、智慧体现：智能机器人 ·································································54
（一）机器人的由来 ······································································54
（二）智能机器人的出现 ································································56
（三）智能机器人的关键技术 ··························································57
（四）智能机器人的应用 ································································60
（五）智能机器人的未来 ································································63
第三章 人工智能技术应用之一--智能制造 ················································65
一、历史由来：智能制造的前世今生 ·····················································66
（一）何谓制造？ ·········································································66
（二）“工业4.0”的由来 ································································67
（三）智能制造的内涵与要素 ··························································68
二、人工智能与智能制造：智能制造的赋能技术 ······································71
（一）云计算 ···············································································72
（二）物联网 ···············································································73
（三）大数据 ···············································································73
（四）移动互联 ············································································73
（五）高档数控装备 ······································································73
（六）增材制造 ············································································73
（七）虚拟制造 ············································································75
三、关注当下：人工智能在智能制造中的应用场景 ···································75
（一）智能工厂 ············································································76
（二）个性化定制 ·········································································78
（三）人机协作 ············································································81
（四）设备诊断和预警 ···································································82
四、展望未来：智能制造的现状、问题与趋势 ·········································83
（一）现状：我国智能制造产业发展报告 ···········································83
（二）问题：智能制造落地存在的困难 ··············································84
（三）趋势：人机融合协同制造 ·······················································85
第四章 人工智能技术应用之二--商业服务 ················································87
一、历史由来：商业的前世今生 ···························································89
（一）商业的由来 ·········································································89
（二）商业的社会价值 ···································································89
（三）零售业的发展演进 ································································89
二、关注当下：人工智能在商业中的应用场景 ·········································91
（一）精准顾客画像下的精准营销 ····················································91
（二）个性化的商品智能推荐 ··························································92
（三）智能门店管理 ······································································92
（四）智能化供应链管理 ································································94
三、展望未来：人工智能在商业中应用的问题与瓶颈 ································95
（一）存在的问题 ·········································································95
（二）应用瓶颈 ············································································97
（三）发展趋势 ············································································98
第五章 人工智能技术应用之三--生物技术 ················································99
一、理清思绪：关于人工智能和生物技术不能不说的那些事 ····················· 100
（一）不解之缘 ·········································································· 100
（二）探究生物技术 ···································································· 102
（三）生物技术发展历程 ······························································ 103
（四）生物科学与人体结构 ··························································· 105
（五）人工智能用于生物技术的必然性 ············································ 107
二、无处不在：改变生活的生物技术 ··················································· 109
（一）舌尖上的生物技术 ······························································ 110
（二）拯救生命的生物技术 ··························································· 111
（三）缓解能源危机的生物技术 ····················································· 114
（四）穿在身上的生物技术 ··························································· 114
（五）永葆青春的生物技术 ··························································· 115
三、关注当下：人工智能在生物技术中的应用场景 ································· 116
（一）基因测序 ·········································································· 116
（二）药物研发 ·········································································· 117
（三）生物“智”造 ···································································· 118
（四）生物过程控制 ···································································· 120
（五）人造生命 ·········································································· 120
四、展望未来：人类从“智人”进化到了“神人”么？ ··························· 122
（一）全新的“造物时代” ···························································· 122
（二）未来的生命科学与生物技术畅想 ············································ 122
第六章 人工智能技术应用之四--自动驾驶 ·············································· 127
一、历史由来：自动驾驶的前世今生 ··················································· 128
（一）自动驾驶的起源（2004 年以前） ············································· 128
（二）自动驾驶的孕育（2004 年-2009 年） ······································ 130
（三）自动驾驶的成长（2010 年-2015 年） ······································ 131
（四）自动驾驶的春天（2016 年-2021 年） ······································ 133
二、人工智能与自动驾驶：全新认识自动驾驶 ······································· 137
（一）自动驾驶汽车的构成和类型 ·················································· 138
（二）自动驾驶汽车的原理与系统 ·················································· 142
（三）自动驾驶汽车的优势和挑战 ·················································· 145
三、关注当下：人工智能在自动驾驶中的应用场景 ································· 148
（一）自动驾驶卡车 ···································································· 150
（二）自动驾驶出租车 ································································· 150
（三）智能公交大巴 ···································································· 150
（四）百度无人驾驶汽车 ······························································ 151
四、展望未来：自动驾驶的发展趋势构想 ············································· 153
（一）互联空间 ·········································································· 154
（二）远程控制 ·········································································· 155
（三）智慧道路 ·········································································· 155
（四）智能交通 ·········································································· 156
（五）智能出行 ·········································································· 157
第七章 人工智能技术应用之五--金融科技 ·············································· 162
一、金融科技--金融行业变局的决定性变量 ······································· 163
二、金融科技1.0 阶段：金融+ IT ······················································· 165
（一）计算机的使用提高了金融机构的基本账务处理能力 ···················· 165
（二）ATM 的使用解决了银行前台服务难题 ····································· 166
（三）POS 机的使用便利了客户的交易支付 ······································ 166
三、金融科技2.0 阶段：金融+ 互联网 ················································· 167
（一）互联网金融概况 ································································· 167
（二）互联网银行 ······································································· 168
（三）互联网证券 ······································································· 169
（四）互联网保险 ······································································· 170
（五）互联网创新金融 ································································· 171
四、金融科技3.0 阶段：金融+ 人工智能 ·············································· 174
（一）量化交易--金融自动化交易的开端 ······································ 174
（二）天造地设--金融碰上人工智能 ············································ 177
（三）金融人工智能应用场景举例 ·················································· 179
（四）金融人工智能典型应用场景--智能投顾 ································ 181
五、人工智能技术对金融业的影响 ······················································ 183
（一）强化了对金融科技跨界人才的需求 ········································· 183
（二）促进无现金社会的早日到来 ·················································· 183
（三）金融机构进一步强化数据处理能力 ········································· 184
（四）金融机构的“无人化” ························································· 184
（五）金融监管的手段更加完备 ····················································· 185
（六）金融人工智能也有消极作用 ·················································· 185
第八章 人工智能技术应用之六--医疗 ···················································· 188
一、历史由来：人工智能与医疗的发展史你了解多少？ ··························· 188
（一）医学的发展历程 ································································· 188
（二）人工智能与医疗的前世今生 ·················································· 189
（三）人工智能医疗如何在国内生根发芽 ········································· 189
二、人工智能与医疗：颠覆传统的AI 医疗 ············································ 191
（一）颠覆传统医药生产制造行业 ·················································· 191
（二）颠覆传统医院诊治模式 ························································ 192
（三）颠覆传统的医生诊治方式 ····················································· 192
（四）颠覆病人治疗效果与诊疗体验 ··············································· 193
三、关注当下：人工智能在医疗领域的应用场景 ···································· 193
（一）医疗助手：医生护士的“新同事” ·········································· 193
（二）医学影像：发现不一样的“美” ············································· 195
（三）药物研发：我是“药神” ······················································ 196
（四）助你一臂之力：康复机器人 ·················································· 197
（五）基因工具：预测“生老病死” ················································ 198
（六）养老界之星：护理机器人 ····················································· 199
四、展望未来：人工智能医疗技术的未来影响及挑战 ······························ 201
（一）趋势：人工智能医疗的新兴领域 ············································ 201
（二）影响：人工智能会取代医护人员吗？ ······································ 202
（三）直面挑战：推动智能医疗健康发展 ········································· 203
第九章 人工智能技术应用之七--教育 ··················································· 205
一、历史由来：从“乔布斯之问”说起 ················································ 206
（一）教育的改变：为什么那么难？ ··············································· 206
（二）教育的变革：不是因为人工智能的到来才开始 ·························· 207
（三）教育的变与不变 ································································· 208
二、人工智能与教育：概念、冲击与变革 ············································· 210
（一）怎么有这么多“教育XX”和“XX 教育”？ ···························· 210
（二）人工智能对教育可能的冲击 ·················································· 212
（三）人工智能时代的教育变革 ····················································· 215
三、关注当下：人工智能在教育中的应用场景 ······································· 217
（一）教学中的应用场景：VR/AR 教学与教育机器人 ························· 218
（二）学习中的应用场景：智能导学、自适应学习与拍照搜题 ·············· 220
（三）教学评价中的应用场景：学习分析与自动化测评 ······················· 222
（四）学校管理中的应用场景：分层排课与学情监测 ·························· 223
（五）学习环境的智能化改变：智慧校园和智慧教室 ·························· 225
四、展望未来：孔子的教育理想能实现吗？ ·········································· 226
（一）因材施教和个性化教育时代的到来 ········································· 226
（二）未来的教育可能是这样的 ····················································· 227
（三）人工智能让教育回归本质：实现人的全面发展 ·························· 234
第十章 人工智能技术应用之八--娱乐生活 ·············································· 236
一、理清思绪：光影流转，娱乐变迁 ··················································· 237
（一）娱乐，点中人性的“死穴” ··················································· 237
（二）缺少娱乐的世界会如何？ ····················································· 241
（三）草根网红的崛起 ································································· 242
二、人工智能与娱乐：重构娱乐产业生态圈 ·········································· 242
（一）娱乐“强档”背后的故事 ····················································· 243
（二）超级粉丝群体分析 ······························································ 244
（三）超级IP 生产体系化 ····························································· 244
（四）人工智能如何赋能娱乐？ ····················································· 246
三、关注当下：AI 赋能，人机共娱 ····················································· 246
（一）人机共育：打破次元壁，让孩子走进童话故事 ·························· 246
（二）人机共产：花椒直播 ··························································· 247
（三）人机共选：AI 选女之必然 ···················································· 249
（四）人机共谱：AI 作曲 ····························································· 249
（五）人机共制：AI 制作预告片 ···················································· 251
第十一章 人工智能技术应用之九--家居 ················································ 252
一、历史由来：人类居住环境的变迁 ··················································· 253
（一）传统的家居环境 ································································· 253
（二）家居环境的自动化 ······························································ 254
（三）家居环境的智能化 ······························································ 256
（四）智能家居进入中国 ······························································ 256
二、人工智能与家居：智能家居的概念、结构与功能 ······························ 257
（一）智能家居概念与人工智能 ····················································· 257
（二）智能家居发展的三个阶段 ····················································· 259
（三）智能家居的组成与工作原理 ·················································· 261
（四）智能家居的功能和特点 ························································ 263
三、关注当下：人工智能在家居中的应用场景 ······································· 264
（一）人工智能服务机器人进入家庭 ··············································· 264
（二）人工智能家电产品越来越多 ·················································· 265
（三）人工智能的家居控制管理平台 ··············································· 266
（四）人工智能助力家庭安全与健康 ··············································· 267
（五）人工智能推动家居绿色环保 ·················································· 267
四、展望未来：智能家居的未来发展趋势 ············································· 268
（一）智能家居的市场发展趋势 ····················································· 268
（二）智能家居的技术发展趋势 ····················································· 271
（三）智能家居的产品发展趋势 ····················································· 275
第十二章 人工智能伦理规范 ·································································· 279
一、角色变化：人工智能的三种角色 ··················································· 279
（一）过去：人工智能只在电影中吸引人类目光 ································ 279
（二）现在：人工智能在部分领域可替代人类 ··································· 280
（三）未来：人工智能或在奇点之后领导人类 ··································· 283
二、危机所在：人工智能的危险 ························································· 285
（一）人工智能改变战争形态 ························································ 285
（二）人工智能最小化道德责任 ····················································· 286
（三）人类应审慎对待人工智能的安全性 ········································· 287
三、伦理规范：人工智能伦理法则 ······················································ 288
（一）阿西莫夫“机器人三定律” ··················································· 288
（二）机器人新定律 ···································································· 289
（三）阿西洛马人工智能23 条原则 ················································ 291
（四）行业领袖提出的人工智能伦理准则 ········································· 292
四、立法问题：人工智能伦理研究与立法 ············································· 293
（一）未来的命运取决于人类自己 ·················································· 293
（二）人工智能伦理问题的研究 ····················································· 294
（三）人工智能伦理规范的立法 ····················································· 296
附录 人工智能发展史上的大事件 ···························································· 300
参考文献······························································································ 313
编后记································································································· 327
主编信息
鲁昕，女，汉族，1955年7月生，辽宁抚顺人，1985年6月入党，1971年参加工作，1994年财政部财政科学研究所财政专业毕业，研究生学历，博士学位。2009年4月至2015年12月，任教育部副部长、党组成员。2015年12月中央新疆工作协调小组办公室副主任。十三届全国政协民族和宗教委员会委员，全国中等职业教育教学改革创新指导委员会主任委员。中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会代表，中国妇女第九、十次全国代表大会代表。
